Renewables are THE solution to managing climate change. The technologies are low cost, zero carbon and can provide local generation, solving the ‘energy trilema’. But as renewable assets are variable in their generation, flex assets and markets must grow to manage them and ensure stability.
By flex we mean solutions such as batteries, gas engines (running on green hydrogen not natural gas), demand side management (DSM) of end customers and electrolysers. The scope for domestic DSM could grow significantly with smart charging in homes, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging of electric vehicles (EVs) and domestic heat pumps. Flex may also come internationally from more inter-connector builds and shipping in green ammonia from sunnier climes. A key challenge in meeting winter lulls will be developing a storage technology that can store for days rather than a few hours, which will most probably come from hydrogen if it is to be zero carbon.
The flex world in 2050
The scale of the challenge is enormous. It is quantified admirably in NGESO’s Future Energy Scenarios. There are four scenarios: the Steady Progression scenario sees the minimum muddling through that misses the 2 degrees target; the Consumer Transformation scenario sees a big growth in domestic heat pumps and smart EV charging; System Transformation is a blue hydrogen and domestic hydrogen usage scenario, and finally, there is Leading the Way, which includes an even greater and faster penetration of renewables along with electrolysis to produce green hydrogen. By 2050 across these four scenarios we may see:
- Between 30 to 90GW of solar installed
- and 90 to 125GW of wind installed
This total renewable generation is much greater than the demand on the grid, which by then will have grown to between 80 and 95GW. If there was no flex within the grid system, there would be nothing to absorb a possible 50 to 100MW of surplus renewable generation. If there was no flex in the system, where will the power come from if there is limited wind and sun? Hence flex is essential to balance supply and demand by half hour in a low or zero-carbon system, otherwise the lights will go out.
According to the NGESO’s Future Energy Scenarios, the “long flex” position can come from:
- Up to 70GW of electrolysis absorbing surplus generation and generating green hydrogen, which can be used for industrial processes, heavy transport and stored for use later in heating homes and power generation
- Between 20 and 40GW of energy storage, with energy capacity for a minimum of 30 minutes or up to 4-6 hours
- Between 16 and 27GW of inter-connectors taking power to whichever country will pay the highest price in any given half hour
- Up to 25GW demand from smart EVs or V2G when charging, with an estimated 12GW of supply, as they take some energy from car batteries if prices are super high (otherwise the driver is going to be annoyed if the battery is flat when it’s time to go on their next trip!)
- 10 to 28 million domestic heat pumps with a peak unconstrained demand of 40GW, moderated down to 22GW as prices rise, or an alternative scenario of 190TWh of domestic hydrogen being used to heat homes
- 4 to 14GW of industrial and commercial demand side response (DSR).
These are clearly enormous changes to the system.
Revamping the system
In a break from the past, whilst the largest assets will still be connected to the transmission system, much of the renewable generation and flexibility will be embedded in lower voltage distribution networks. This creates a new challenge in itself. We may even see nodal pricing of these income streams down to sub-station granularity giving clear market signals as to what wires investment is required. The amount of data involved is vast.
The grids themselves need to become more flexible to manage the drop off in inertia as fossil plants are retired and replaced with renewables. This inertia is imperative for a stable grid and to prevent blackouts; it’s a store of energy that flows to bridge breaks in generation. Physical inertia can be supplied from zero carbon grid stabilisers, a sort of giant flywheel that Statkraft has developed, called “Greener Grid Parks”.
Low levels of inertia can be supported by very fast frequency response and clever power electronics. This is a particular challenge for local distribution systems that will need a lot more local observation to monitor the flow of energy and voltage and where the transient constraints are, and which will see huge growth in embedded but flexible demand from EVs and heat pumps. Longer-dated target levels of rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) will be required, as well as inertia markets that run in parallel to energy and frequency response markets, to support long term decision making and investment.
Cost of stored energy
To make this work economically the build cost of storage in the form of batteries, thermal or mechanical storage and hydrogen electrolysis will have to fall significantly. And it is widely predicted to do so – the energy industry and its supporting sectors have an indisputable track record of delivering cost reductions at the scales of deployment and learning that the energy transition is bringing.
A new hydrogen and carbon infrastructure will need to be developed. Hydrogen production may start with blue hydrogen, from the burning of methane gas at key hubs such as the 15mtpa North East industrial cluster and carbon sequestration in the North Sea’s geology. The carbon sequestration pipes could then be joined up to Merseyside, Glasgow and South Wales to create a network of carbon pipes with the blue hydrogen feeding into the existing natural gas system.
Large scale green, zero carbon hydrogen production may well start with the wind farms being built in the North Sea, which could be used to electrolyse water, before transporting the green hydrogen to shore by pipe.
Both blue and green hydrogen may be mixed into the current methane transmission and distribution system, however once we reach a hydrogen concentration higher than 20% hydrogen, domestic equipment must be altered to cope with the leakage of small hydrogen molecules.
Nevertheless, we must see the speedy transition to solely green hydrogen to truly accomplish a zero-carbon energy system. According to Statkraft’s analysis, as part of its annual Low Emissions Scenario, nearly 10% of global power demand will come from green hydrogen production in 2050 and over 20% for Europe.
The earliest green hydrogen transition will most probably start with local solar electrolysis projects in the south of the country, near motorways close to big cities, where green hydrogen will be used to fuel HGVs and public transport. Ultimately though, much greater hydrogen electrolysis and hydrogen gathering will be required to develop a national hydrogen transport system. The economic question of power by wire or hydrogen by pipe will arise. The main nucleus of green hydrogen is likely to be wind in the North Sea and possibly the Scottish “central wind belt”, which will feed green hydrogen into the blue hydrogen system that will be developed earlier on. Green industrial processes will then develop around these clusters.
Whist green and blue hydrogen are the same molecules and carbon free, the initial subsidies for each type will need to be different, before eventually converging towards the long run lowest cost form.
Statkraft’s Low Emissions Scenario reports that the greatest demand for hydrogen will be to de-carbonise industrial processes, both in the form of high temperature heat and as a green chemical input. The second largest area will be in long distance and heavy transportation; batteries will be used for short distance domestic transport. The third area will be in heating buildings; our view is that heat pumps (which incidentally also provide demand side management) are more cost effective than hydrogen. The more modest hydrogen demand will be for power generation in winter weeks with low renewable production and high demand. This is because there is a 60-70%energy loss during the round trip of converting electrolysed hydrogen back to power.
Future energy trading
We will also see the growth and increasing complexity of trading systems known as “virtual power plants” (VPPs), which will optimise between the multiple markets to get the most value. One of these is the Day-Ahead Energy Market – balancing market, capacity, frequency, voltage, inertia as well as transmission and distribution constraints. A common standard for VPPs will evolve so they can interact with one another and transmission system operators/distribution system operators. However, strong security standards will be required or VPPs will be an easy target for hackers to turn off the UK’s power supply, which would have huge short-term economic consequences.
As can be seen there are major developments to be made over the next two decades in flexibility if we are to have a successful energy transition. This flex revolution is well on its way and the next few years will bring many exciting changes.
